Am I The One Professor Ramos Blog

Am I The One In the book â€Å"The Woman Hollering Creek: And Other Short Stories†, there is a short story called â€Å"There Was a Man, There Was a Woman†, and in that very complicated story there can be very many outcomes to it depending how you look at it. To me this story ended in way of both the man and women having no purpose in their lives.The man in the story would get paid every second and fourth Friday of the month, but the woman would get paid the first and third Friday of the month. Therefore every friday they got paid they would go to the bar and drink thinking that the alcohol would boost their confidence to go up to a special someone to spark a conversation. Even with the alcohol both the man and woman would do nothing every friday. The end of the story leaves it with a cliffhanger because the readers dont know if they are going to be each other purpose? Will they even meet? In the mans life he has his group of friends that he goes to the bar, but he has that friend that he can talk to about anything. So the next time they meet at the bar the friend asks the man a very open question, â€Å"Why do you drink so much?†the man answers with â€Å"because Im hoping that the alcohol will bring me that confidence I need†. In the friends head he thinks to himself, â€Å"We’ve been doing the same routine for a year now and he still hasn’t spoken to a female†, but he continues to keep it to himself. Looking at the womans life she doesn’t have that one friend she can vent to so every night so she prays in hope to find that one purpose that she has been on the search for awhile now. Every night she starts her prayer off with a â€Å"Hey its me again† and continues it with her thanking God of what she has and after she asks him to â€Å"show her the way to happiness†. She knows that one of these days she needs to stop drinking and find herself. So the next day she gets a call saying that the checks are coming in late so she was getting paid the second Friday of the month, her taking that as a sign she tells herself that that friday was going to be the last time she was going to the bar. The mans friend finally builds the courage to tell him that him continuing this routine was not helping him in anyway and that he should find a new hobby. The friend and the man get into a huge argument about his current situation in always drinking and letting time pass him by. Both the friend and man start talking about why they are even fighting in the first place and they talk about the past in which they both met in high school and they would never fight because they knew they only had each other in those lonely times in a very mean world called high school. That one math class sophomore year, the teacher paired the man up with the friend for their performance task for the month and both the man and the friend did not know one another but still continued to do their best in completing their work. The man was always lazy and left most of the work for the friend, but just like in present time the friend built up his confidence and told the man that â€Å"I ain’t going to d o all this work for you, so if you want to continue your lazy ways have fun failing the class†, the man took a real look at himself and realized that just like in the past the friend was right and now it is happening again. So the friend and man come to the conclusion of this Friday was going to be the last time going to the bar. Its the womans last week for work before she can go to the bar one last time and she is really excited about it because deep within herself she feels like this is going to be the day she builds her confidence to speak to that one special guy. Its the mans last week of work before he can go to the bar one last time and he feels sad about it because he has to give up the one thing he really enjoyed doing, but knows its for the best. The man and friend would hangout after work everyday of the week and spit jokes, talk about work, also on what they were going to wear for the bar because not only is it going to be their last time going to the bar, but the bar was throwing their 50th anniversary so they were doing these crazy deals on alcohol. Since the bar was doing this they knew they were going to be seeing some new faces. The woman after work would go straight home and think about how much work sucked and how much fun she was going to have at the bar not knowing they were throwing thei r 50th anniversary for the bar. The second Friday of the month has arrived, the woman took about 2 hours to get ready. When she finished getting ready she looks in the mirror and says â€Å"Today is the day†, she has a huge smile on her face and is ready to go. The man took about 10 minutes to get ready. His hair slicked back with a white T under his flannel flexing his chain, he knows he is ready. The friend picks up the man and in a hurry they make it to the bar. The woman calls an uber and gets to the bar pretty late. When the man and the friend arrived they quickly go to the bar and order their cheap alcohol. When the woman arrived she quickly went looking for the man that would catch her eye. Finally the man and friend decided to go on the dance floor because they were both buzzed and did not care on how they looked they just wanted to have fun. Finally the woman stopped the search and came to the conclusion in dancing the night away. The man and friend both are dancing funny and the man bumps into the woman and they both stared into each others eyes as if they were staring into the moon those lonely nights. The man leaves the friend and talks to woman on how beautiful she looked and the woman talks about how handsome he looked. The man thinking to himself that this situation doesnt feel right to him and maybe she wasnt the one. She believes that he is the one and she continues to flirt with the man and the friend looking at them in disgust. The man comes to the conclusion in his head and tells the woman how he feels. The man says to her â€Å" I know we just met, I feel like we have known each other our whole lives, but im sorry to tell you this, but Im in love with my best friend.†

Hunger and Death essays

Hunger and Death essays Malnutrition, disease and starvation are stalking more than 16 million people in the 'breadbasket of Africa.' If the world doesn't respond, 300,000 people could die before March. Star-Telegram Nov 24th 2002. Malnutrition is a problem that southern Africa face for many year and they dont seem to find the solution. The causes of this Huge crises can be found in some of the social issues below. AIDS. This is the first food crisis in history in which AIDS is a major factor. The virus has decimated work forces, strained already overburdened health systems and left a new generation of orphans. Cuts in socialized health programs in the 1990s. The cuts were often made at the insistence of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. Global and regional economic volatility. Thousands of Swazi and Lesotho miners have stopped sending money home to their families because of huge layoffs in neighboring South Africa's gold and diamond mines. Debt. Large national debts eat up money needed to combat hunger. The spread of market capitalism. In the 1990s, market capitalism slashed or privatized southern Africa's socialized agricultural programs and left many poor farmers vulnerable to the vagaries of the free market. Land seizures. The government of Zimbabwe has seized hundreds of white-owned farms, the backbone of the economy. Food is being used as a political weapon, and price controls and foreign-exchange restrictions have worsened the crisis. Mistrust of the West. Doubts about the West's biotechnology have prompted Zambia to reject U.S. aid shipments of genetically modified corn. Civil wars. In Angola, a brutal, 27-year civil war that destroyed large areas of crops is sputtering to an end, spurring a mass return of refugees to their shattered homes and causing food shortages. The help is coming, but its too slow to combat the speed the hunger spread through out the nation. Corruption is a fa ...

Investing in Equities Case of Morrison Supermarkets Plc Essay

Investing in Equities Case of Morrison Supermarkets Plc - Essay Example The organization was selected due to its recent trend in performance, operations, and positioning within the industry. Tables 1, 2 and 3 in the Appendices show the operations, performance, and market positioning of Morrison Supermarket Plc. In terms of the performances, Morrison has provided a positive indicate especially in respect to the market capitalization as well as the volume of shares traded (Table 2). On the other hand, Table 2 shows that amongst the various players in the industry, Morrison Supermarket Plc had experienced a positive change in the share price. Lastly, Table 3 provides a deeper understanding of the performance of the Morrison Supermarket Plc hence justifying the reason behind its investment. From the information contained in Tables 1, 2 and 3, it is clear that Morrison Supermarket Plc is a profitable organization to invest in shares or other securities. The fact that during the fiscal year 2010 Morrison Supermarket Plc was able to pay dividends. The fact that the firm was able to pay dividends is a clear justification that investing in this organization is likely to yield to more profits and returns. Therefore, this was the main motivation behind the investment of ?10,000 in shares between 2008 November and 2012 December. In this report, findings, which are in terms of financial analyses, are provided. The report concludes by an overview of the investment process as well as recommendations towards further investments. Findings The investment involved buying shares worth ?10,000 between 2008 November and 2012 December. Table 4 within the Appendices provides the value of shares at the beginning and at the end of 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012. The following calculations are based on the figures in Table 4 within the Appendices section. Assumptions: The following are the assumptions used in writing this report: 1. The earned dividends were reinvested throughout the years. 2. The total amount obtained from the amount invested and the divi dend earned is invested at the beginning of a fiscal year hence the close price of the beginning of the year is applied In November 2008, the share price = ?242.50 (close) Total Amount of investment = ?10,000 It is important to calculate the number of shares since dividend is usually earned per share. Therefore, the number of shares will be given by the following formula: No of shares bought in 2008 = 41 shares. The following table shows how the 41 shares earned dividends and how the dividends were re-invested and more shares bought (NB. The table is obtained from calculations performed in an Excel function; the Excel file is attached) Based on the above assumptions, the calculations were done on the Excel (Excel file attached) and the following table shows the results. The table is also obtained in Table 5 of the Appendices. Date Amount Close Price Shares Dividend Earned Dividends Total Amount Nov-08 10,000.00 242.50 41.24 0.00 10,000.00 May-09 10,000.00 242.50 41.24 5.00 206.19 10 ,206.19 Sep-09 10,206.19 236.50 43.16 1.08 46.61 10,252.79 May-10 10,252.79 280.00 36.62 7.12 260.71 10,513.51 Sep-10 10,513.51 266.10 39.51 1.23 48.60 10,562.10 May-11 10,562.10 293.80 35.95 8.73 313.84 10,875.95 Sep-11 10,875.95 297.70 36.53 3.17 115.81 10,991.76 May-12 10,991.76 302.20 36.37 7.53 273.88 11,265.64 Sep-12 11,265.64 266.10 42.34 3.49 147.75 11,413.40 Total 1,413.40 11,413.40 From the above table it is evident that there was a return of ?1,413.40 on the ?10,000 amount invested in shares between November 2008 and September 2012. Ratio Analysis for 2012/2013 In a bid to provide further justification on the reasons for the selection of

New Standards for Revenue Recognition Research Paper

New Standards for Revenue Recognition - Research Paper Example The IFRS stipulates minimum requirements on matters of revenue recognition. All in all the IAS 18 Revenue and IAS Construction Contracts are the main fields that it addresses. However, IAS 18 offers little explanation on issues that relate to multiple-element arrangements. The existing guidelines for revenue recognition as per the U.S. GAAP are so many. In the real sense, they cannot address the exact transactions or the target industries. With the mushrooming of new trends in transactions, the Board is facing challenges in addressing the issue. The first proposal was made on December 19, 2008 by both the IASB and the FASB. Bearing in mind that GAAP had a different approach from that of IFRS; the objectives made in the proposal were to make an improvement on the already existing guidelines. This gave birth to the concept of developing one model that can be utilized in addressing revenue recognition. In application, a company will be only able to recognize its revenue when the obligat ion is satisfactory. In this case, all services and transactions must satisfy their customer’s needs as per the contract (www.fasb.org, March 2014). On June 24, 2010, the Boards made a proposal to have the new joint standard for revenue recognition in place. In their view, adopting this proposal would bring the single revenue recognition standard in place. This will make it easy for IFRS and GAAP to address issues across all capital markets and industries with little differences (http://www.ifrs.org March, 2014).

Human resourse planning for Leicester city hotel Essay

Human resourse planning for Leicester city hotel - Essay Example With this need can also come the task of finding qualified workers, and dealing with the unfortunate business consequence of having issues with keeping workers on staff for whatever reason or another. With the case of Leicester City Hotel, an accurate human resource accounting will be needed in order to make the projected expansion of the hotel not only a success in the beginning stages, but secure it in order to have the continued success of the venture going into the future. In order to begin the task of planning for the future human resource needs which would inevitably come with the hotel's expansion; first and foremost what should be analyzed is the current state of the business in all forms. The Assignment and Case Study handout by Julie McCann provides a brief background of the hotel as well as its projected expansion and how much will change. Also the problems which are foreseen to arise in not only finding, but also maintaining a staff of qualified professionals who will not only make the expansion a success, but will stay on. This particular hotel, as McCann (2005 pg. 1) explains in her case study, is located in a city of moderate size, and deals with a clientele of business people during the week. During both the summer and holidays times deals with those individuals or families who are away form home on holiday. It is in this section where the author begins to assess the needs, which come up for the hotel during this time, as well as other things. The demand put on a companies service(s) is an essential part in calculating the necessary amount of staff needed for the faster-paced, higher demand times, and what kind of cut backs if any would need to occur or do occur during times of less demand. Overall, companies demand for staff goes up when demand for services goes up, and can also head downward when the demand for services begins to dwindle. In a sense it fits in with the overriding idea of the supply and demand principle. In viewing the expansion of the Hotel, as well as the impending surge in people who will come as a result, it is almost assured that a need for more staff will surely arise. What this will result in is causing a closer look to be taken when it comes to solidifying the chances of a qualified, reliable staff staying with the hotel for a longer period of time. Providing staff for any kind of establishment can be very time consuming, but needs to be done in such a way that the right amount of staff is brought on board. This in return can help make sure that whatever the needs the business has are being met in the time in which they need to be met. When you are running a business that has to operate during set business hours or is set in a specific location, it can often times prove to be challenging in finding staff which can fit in with this kind of set situation. Observing the forthcoming expansion of the hotel which, for all purposes, would ultimately result in an inevitable increase in demand for services. Any kind of inability on the part of the hiring staff in finding workers to fulfill such needs could prove to be a problem for the company in continuing to fulfill such obligations which come with any kind of expansion. Continuing from the previous paragraph, McCann (2005 pg. 1) alludes to the issue of securing quality staff, and what the hotel sees as a lack of qualified potential staff candidates coming out of such local resources as the colleges and universities. In order to best combat this problem, McCann tells the

Null Hypothesis And Alternative Hypothesis Philosophy Essay

Null Hypothesis And Alternative Hypothesis Philosophy Essay In order to survive in the business world, business units today are forced to innovate and launch the products immediately in the market. But this is easier said than done. Numerous factors come into the picture for this to materialise. Notably among them is the fact that too much cost factor which comes into the picture. For the product launching is well planned and thought off activity. The activities include conducting market surveys which in plain sense means that the business units are required to conduct or determine the feasibility of the new product within a limited area and then based on the results they take further course of action i.e. go ahead with the launch of the product or to drop the project altogether. In other words, business units conduct sample surveys i.e. obtaining the response on a small piece of the larger picture and then based on the results of the small piece, estimate the likely response on the larger piece of the picture. The small piece is known as the sample and the larger piece is known as the population. Thus the concept of sample and population plays a vital role and assists the management in taking core decisions which may or not prove fruitful in the survival of the business. In order, to take decisions based on the sample and to estimate the population parameters business units are required to start with some of the assumptions or the hypothesis. And, based on assumptions or hypothesis about the population it is tested meaning that whatever the assumption that they started with, whether the assumption was correct or incorrect. Thus we have hypothesis testing. Let us take an example to illustrate what has been said above. Suppose, the business units want to bring in a new product in the market which will increase the market share and hence the profitability of the business unit. In this case, the hypothesis would be introduction of new product will increase the profitability and based on this the survey would be conducted. The results of analysis of the data will reveal whether the hypothesis was correct or incorrect. This unit will cover the basics of hypothesis and its testing; the steps required to test the hypothesis. This unit will also cover the types and characteristics of hypothesis and the like. Objectives After studying this unit, the reader will be able to: Understand the basic concepts of hypothesis Understand the various types and the characteristics of hypothesis Understand the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis Understand the two tailed and the one tailed tests involved in the testing of hypothesis Understand the criterion when to accept or when to reject the hypothesis Understand the manner in which decisions are to be taken on the basis of the results arrived during the process of testing of hypothesis 6.2 Defining Hypothesis In order to discuss the basics of hypothesis testing in detail let us now, define what is meant by hypothesis. Simply speaking, hypothesis is a unit of the inferential statistics (i.e. the branch of statistics which is used to infer information on the collected data) which is used to test a claim about the larger portion (which is called population) based on the data collected from the smaller part known as sample. In other words hypothesis testing is the process of staking claim based on the values obtained from the sample. Let us take an example in order to drive home the point illustrated above. A manufacturer involved in the manufacturing of types claims that the average life of their tires will last at least 70,000 kms. We want to test the claim made by the manufacturer. The process we will adopt is to take a sample of tires, run them until they see how many kms. on average they have lasted. If the sample has lasted over 70,000 kms, then we do have the reason to believe that the claim is correct and that all the other tires they produce will also last 70,000 kms. miles. In arriving at this conclusion, we may commit the following We may incorrectly say the tires do not last at least 70,000 kms when in fact they do last We may incorrectly say the tires do last at least 70,000 kms when in fact they do not Thus, we may commit some errors during the process of staking the claim to the hypothesis we have formulated. This aspect will be covered in next section Self Assessment Questions True or False Managers are required to make decisions Hypothesis is an assumption about something which is taken to be true We may commit some errors in the process of testing of hypothesis 6.3 Characteristics of Hypothesis Having understood the definition of hypothesis, let us now understand the characteristics of hypothesis. The following are the characteristics of hypothesis. A hypothesis is based on reasoning which appears to be justified This simply means that the hypothesis we have formulated should be based on the previous research and the hypothesis should follow the most likely outcome not the exceptional outcome. For example, we should form the hypothesis regarding the launching of new product on the basis of the previous data which was analysed and which prompted us to take further steps such as market research and the like A hypothesis should provide a reasonable explanation for the outcome which is to be predicted This means that the hypothesis formulated should not focus on the unrealistic outcome i.e. the hypothesis should be based on the realistic scenario. For example, an hypothesis such as our new software will surpass the sales of the software dealer who is leading the software market or that our software will sell very well on the surface of the moon. All these are unrealistic. A hypothesis should clearly state the relationship between the variables that are defined This simply means that the hypothesis should not be vague. It should be in plain simple terms and in a language which is simple to understand. For example, the hypothesis that the MIS report will be printed somewhat in 3 to 4 minutes is ambiguous and confusing. A hypothesis defines the variables measurable terms This means that the hypothesis focus on the aspects such as who all would be affected; who are the players in the process and the like. For example, hypothesis, that the product will work correctly for 2 months for small children. A hypothesis is testable in a given or sufficient amount of time This means that the hypothesis is tested within a finite amount of time. An hypothesis which cannot be tested within the finite amount of time will never be tested nor accepted Self Assessment Questions Fill in the blanks A hypothesis is _________ in a given period of ______________ Hypothesis defines __________ in measurable terms Hypothesis should define the ________ between the variables 6.4 Types of Hypothesis Having understood the basic terminology of hypothesis let us now discuss the types of hypothesis. Though we have just scratched the types of hypothesis, let us now go deeper into the detail of types of hypothesis. Hypothesis are of various types. Some of them are discussed below Null hypothesis Alternate hypothesis Simple Hypothesis Complex hypothesis Null Hypothesis This hypothesis is formulated when the statistician believes that there is no relationship between two variables or when there is insufficient information to formulate a state a research hypothesis. It is denoted by H0 Alternate hypothesis This hypothesis is the opposite of Null hypothesis. it is formulated then the researcher believes that there is sufficient information to believe that there is relationship between the variables. It is represented as H1 or H µ Simple hypothesis This hypothesis predicts the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable. Both the variables must be single variables    Complex hypothesis This hypothesis is used to predict the relationship between two or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables Examples of different types of Hypothesis Health related education programmes influence the number of people who smoke Newspapers affects peoples living standard Absenteeism in classes affects exam scores Lower levels of exercise is responsible for increase in weight Self Assessment Questions True or False Complex hypothesis is used to predict the relationship between two or more independent variable with two or more dependent variables Alternate hypothesis is opposite to null hypothesis 6.5 Hypothesis Testing Having understood the various types of hypothesis let us dwell on the important point of hypothesis testing. As stated above hypothesis means that we verify the claim on the larger unit based on the data and the results obtained by performing statistical tests on the data. let us now look at the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis. the following are the steps : Describe in a statement about the population characteristic for which the hypotheses is to be tested State the null hypothesis and depict as Ho State the alternative hypothesis depict it as H1 or Ha Identify and display the test statistic that will be used Identify the region of rejection region Is it on the upper, lower, or on the two-tailed test Determine the critical value that will be associated as a, the level of significance at which the test is to be conducted Compute the quantities in the test statistic State the conclusion based on the computed statistics meaning that it is now to be decided as to whether reject the null hypothesis, Ho, or accept the alternate hypothesis. The conclusion is dependent on the level of significance of the test. Figure 1 provides a graphical view of the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis Figure 1 Steps involved in the testing of hypothesis 6.6 Difference between Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis In the previous units we have understood the basics of null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis, let us now discuss the difference between these types of hypothesis. the following are the differences Null hypothesis is used to describe the prediction while alternative hypothesis describes other possible outcomes. For example, if we predict A is related to B which is null hypothesis while the alternative hypothesis will be A is not related to B meaning that A can be teacher of B, A can be mentor of B and so on The alternative hypothesis can be negative but it does not necessarily mean a negation of null hypothesis but rather that it is a measure of finding out whether the null hypothesis is true or not meaning that whether it should be accepted or it should be rejected Alternative hypothesis provides an opportunity to look at other things and other possibilities where as null hypothesis provides the presence or absence of the same meaning that when we deal with null hypothesis our focus becomes restricted while in the case of alternative hypothesis our focus needs to be wider 6.7 Decision Rule Decision rules are the procedures that enable us to determine whether the findings of the observed samples are in sharp contradiction i.e. there is significant difference from the results that were expected and which will thus help us to decide whether to accept or reject hypotheses are called rules of decision or simply decision rules. Let us take an example in order to illustrate what has been said with regard to decision rule. Suppose that we toss a coin 50 times and get head 42 times and if we had the null hypothesis that the coir is fair. Now in this scenario, there is sufficient reason to believe that the coin is biased based on the output obtained although we may be wrong in this manner. In the current scenario, the observations are saying something else in comparison to our hypothesis, hence, we are in a dilemma as to accept or reject the hypothesis. Procedures , which assist us in deciding whether to accept or reject the hypothesis when there is significant difference between the observed and the stated are know an Decision Rules. Type I and Type II errors It is in situations like the above, that we may commit errors or mistakes which are classified as Type I or Type II errors. Type I error is when we reject the hypothesis when it should have been accepted Type II error is when we accept a hypothesis when it should have been rejected From the above definitions, in both the cases a wrong decision has been made. Hence, it becomes imperative that we need to minimize the errors while making decisions. Level of Significance While testing the given hypothesis the maximum risk that we can take for Type I error is called the level of signi ¬Ã‚ cance of the test. This is denoted by Greek letter Alpha ÃŽÂ ±. It is decided before hand so that they do not influence the choice of our decisions. 6.8 Two tailed and one tailed tests In order to understand the concept of two tailed and one tailed tests, consider the following scenario. Let us have a null hypothesis H0  and an alternative hypothesis H1. We want to conduct the test and determine whether we should reject the null hypothesis in favour of alternative hypothesis. Thus, we have two different types of test which can be performed viz. One Tailed test and Two Tailed test One-tailed  test seeks to look for an increase or decrease in the parameter under consideration while two-tailed  test seeks to look for any change in the parameter We can carry out the test at any level 1%, 5% or 10% are the common levels. For example, when we perform the test at a 5% level it means that there is a 5% chance of wrongly rejecting H0 that is null hypothesis on the other hand If we perform the test at the 5% level and decide to reject the null hypothesis, we say that there is a significant evidence at 5% to suggest that the hypothesis is false. One-Tailed Test For the one tailed test we choose a critical region. In a one-tailed test, the critical region will have one part. If the sample value lies in this region, we will reject the null hypothesis in favour of the alternative On the other hand , if we want to look for definite decrease. Then the critical region will be to the left. Example Suppose we are given that in a  Poisson distribution  and we want to test hypothesis on the mean,  based upon a sample of observation 3. Suppose the hypotheses are: H0:  l  = 9   H1:  l   We want to test if it is reasonable for the value observed to be 3 to have been derived from Poisson distribution with having a parameter value of 9. What is the probability that the value as low as 3 has come from a Poisson distribution have the value 9? P(X  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 3) = 0.0212 (this has been obtained from Poisson table) The probability is less than 0.05, which means that there is less than a 5% chance that the value has come from a Poisson(3) distribution. The null hypothesis should be rejected in favour of the alternative at the 5% level. Two-Tailed Test In a two-tailed test, we look for either an increase or a decrease. Hence, for example, H0  might be that the mean is equal to 9 (as before). This time, however, H1  would be that the mean is not equal to 9. So, In this case, therefore, the critical region has two parts: Example Lets test the parameter p of a  Binomial distribution  at the 10% level. Suppose a coin is tossed 10 times and we get 7 heads. We want to test whether or not the coin is fair. If the coin is fair, p = 0.5 . Put this as the null hypothesis: H0: p = 0.5 H1: p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0.5 Because this is a 2-tailed test, the critical region also has two parts. Half of the critical region is to in the right and other half is in the left. So the critical region contains both the top 5% of the distribution and the bottom 5% of the distribution (as we are testing at the 10% level). If H0  is true, X ~ Bin(10, 0.5). If the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability that X is 7 or above? P(X à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 7) = 1 P(X Is this in the critical region? No- because the probability that X is at least 7 is not less than 0.05 (5%), which is what we need it to be. So there is no significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis at 10% level of significance 6.9 Procedure of Hypothesis testing Having understood the basics of hypothesis, let us now dwell on the procedure which is to be followed in the testing of hypothesis. The following are the steps that are to be followed. State null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis State the level of significance. This gives us the tabulated values Select the appropriate test Calculate the required values for the test Conduct the test Draw the conclusions 6.10 Summary A hypothesis is necessary in todays business world as the managers are required to take decisions and they need to have a starting point Hypothesis is widely used in the conduct of market surveys The concept of sample and population is widely used in the testing of hypothesis Hypothesis is a unit of inferential statistics Hypothesis is based on reasoning which appears to be justified Null hypothesis is formed when there is n relationship between the variables Alternative hypothesis is the reverse of null hypothesis Decisions rules provide the basis for accepting the or rejecting the hypothesis Type I error is when we reject the hypothesis when it should have been accepted Type II error is when we accept the hypothesis when we should have rejected it 6.11 Terminal Questions What is the significance of hypothesis testing? What is meant by Type I and Type II errors? Explain with examples What is the difference between Null hypothesis and Alternative hypothesis? Explain the steps involved in the testing of hypothesis. 6.12 Answers Self Assessment Questions True False True Testable Time Variables Relationship True True 6.13 Suggested Reading Books Testing statistical hypothesis, Lehmann, Joseph Hypothesis testing with SPSS, Jim Mirabella Fundamentals of Statistics, Michael Sullivan Fundamentals of Statistics, S.C. Gupta Fundamentals of Statistics, Trueman Lee Kelly Introductory Probability And Statistical Applications, Meyer Fundamental of Statistics, Vol II, Goon, Gupta and Dagupta An Outline of Statistical Theory, Vol I, Goon, Gupta and Dagupta A Basic Course in Statistics, Clarke, Geoffrey and Cooke, John Wiley Sons Basic Statistics, Nagar Das Quantitative Techniques for Decision Making, Anand Sharma Statistics for economists: A beginning, John E. Floyd The Elements of Statistical Learning, Trevor Hastie, Jerome Friedman. Introduction to Statistical Thought, Michael Lavine Web Resources en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing www.slideshare.net/vikramlawand/test-of-hypothesis www.sagepub.com/upm-data/40007_Chapter8.pdf www.iasri.res.in/ebook//2/4-TEST%20OF%20HYPOTHESIS.pdf www.math.uah.edu/stat/hypothesis/index.html www.angelfire.com/wv/bwhomedir/notes/z_and_t_tests.pdf www.20bits.com/article/hypothesis-testing-the-basics www.amstat.org/publications/jse/v11n3/java/Hypothesis/ math.bu.edu/people/nkatenka/MA113/Lecture_10_Notes.pdf www.pstcc.edu/facstaff/jwlamb/Math1530/7.2rvsd.ppt 6.14 Glossary Aggregate  It is the collection of small units which results in one complete entity. For example the aggregation of the total inhabitants of towns and villages and mega cities results in the population of the country Alpha Level  The probability that the statistical test will find difference between the groups which is significant when there are none. This is also termed as the probability of making a Type I error or as the significance level of statistical test. Alternative Hypothesis  The hypothesis that states that there is some difference between two or more groups. It is the alternative to null hypothesis, which states that there is no difference among the groups. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)  A test that determines whether the means of two or more groups is significantly different. Association  It is a type of relationship between objects or variables. Average  A single value which may be mean, median or mode and represents the typical, normal, or the middle value of a given set of data. Axiom  A statement widely accepted as truth. Bell-Shaped Curve  A curve which is the characteristic of a normal distribution, which is symmetrical about the mean. The area under the normal curve is 1.0. Beta Level  It is the probability of making an error due to the result of the chance variations when in actuality they are due to the differences of the result of the experimental manipulation or intervention. It is also referred to as the probability of making a Type II error. Bias  They are the influences that contribute to the distortions of the results Categorical Data  They are also referred to as the nominal data. They are for indicative purpose only Causal Analysis  An analysis that seeks to establish the cause and effect relationships between variables. Central Tendency  A measure that describes the central characteristic of the distribution. Comparability  It is the quality of two or more entities that are to be evaluated for their similarity and differences. Confidence Interval  A range of estimated values that provides the best estimate regarding the populations values. Confidence Level  It is the percentage which represents the number of times that a confidence interval will include the true population value. Consistency  It is the process in which similar responses are demonstrated throughout the activity / event. Constant  It is the value which does not change Descriptive Statistics  It is the basic statistics that is used to describe and summarize data. Focus Group  An interview conducted with a small group of people, all at one time, to explore ideas on a particular topic. Multivariate Analysis  It is the analysis of several independent variable on the dependent variable. Mutually Exclusive  It is when the happening of an event does not disturb or alters the happening of another event. for example, in tossing of coin, the appearance of head is mutually exclusive to the appearance of tail as any one of them say head, does not allow the other to happen simultaneously. Nominal Scale  It is a scale that allows for classifying of elements into several mutually exclusive categories which are based on defined features but no numeric. They are just used for identification purposes. For example, the shirts worn by players in a football match. The number on the shirts represent the identification of the player only. Normal Curve  It is the curve, which is bell shaped in structure. It is formed when the data having normal distribution is plotted. Normal Distribution  It is the distribution that describes a frequency distribution comprising of data points which resembles a bell shape structure. The normal distribution shows important properties that are necessary for performing various statistical tests for different types of applications. Null Hypothesis  It is the hypothesis that states that there is no difference among and between the groups. It is in sharp contrast to alternative hypothesis that states that between two or more groups there is some difference Observation Unit  It is the actual unit which is subjected to observation during the course of study. 6.15 Case study Let us assume that a manufacturer of the light bulbs wants to produce bulbs with a mean life of 1000 hours If the lifetime is shorter, he/ she will lose customers to his / her competitors; if the lifetime is longer, he / she will have a very high production cost because the filaments will be excessively thick. In order to see whether the production process is working properly a sample of the output is taken to test the hypothesis A two tailed test is used because he / she does not want to deviate significantly from 1000 hours in either direction. Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected.

Litter Control :: Environment Ecology Littering

Litter Control Litter control is not only an important issue to me but to this state and country. Programs such as Keep America Beautiful and adopt-a-highway are designed to promote a clean environment by educating people and creating projects to help improve the environment (Keeping America Beautiful). Growing up I learned the importance of having a clean environment. It improves the quality of life, it increases your confidence level, and it makes you proud of your community. I feel strongly about this issue because there are a lot of people who just do not care. South Carolina has a goal of making people aware of the environment. The state government has started a campaign called Palmetto Pride (Diane Marlow). The promotion tactics that they use includes South Carolina officials and well-known people promoting beautification of the state. I also have a goal of making people aware of the environment and I decided that creating a project with children would be very effective. I always thought children were excellent people to work with. They are eager to learn and to show enthusiasm. My plan was to work with the children of St. Lawrence’s Place. That idea was sparked from my University 101 instructor. There I hoped to design a trash-pickup program similar to the one that the adopt-a-highway program had. Along with the program, I would have educated the children about litter prevention and the importance of a clean environment. Instead of walking along a highway collect trash we would wander around St. Lawrence’s Place looking for trash and items to be recycled. Unfortunately, the program could not be carried out because of scheduling problems. Luckily, there was an adopt-a-highway project going on in my hometown during the time of fall break. Adopt-a-highway is a program of public service for volunteers to collect trash along the highways of America. The group agrees to pick up trash at the minimum of three times per year. There is an age limit for this program. Those that are interested must be at least twelve years of age to participate in the trash pick-up. The adopt-a-highway program also educates people about litter prevention and recycling (Adopt-a-highway). On October 15, I arrived on Main Street with some of my friends and former classmates. Main Street is a very busy road that connects to a highway.

Industrial attachment report Essay

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Students Industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) was established by ITF (Industrial Training Fund) in 1973 to solve the problem of lack of adequate practical skills required for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary institutions. SIWES is an exercise created for students of higher education to enable them practice those things they have learnt theoretically in class. It also helps to expose students to the use of certain industrial equipment. The exercise reveals students skills as well as inspiring students’ ambition to become useful citizens in the future. It also helps them to interact with the highly respected and educated personalities. These students are willing and eager to prepare themselves to attain certain higher positions after graduation. This is a report of the SIWES experience I had at the national root crops research institute, Umudike, abia state. CHAPTER 2 COMPANY DESCRIPTION The National root crops research institute (NRCRI), Umudike is one of the 17 Agricultural research institutes in Nigeria. The institute started as a provincial experimental farm under the national department of agriculture with headquarters at Moor plantation. It assumed a federal status to become Federal Agricultural Research and Training Station (FARTS) in April 1, 1972. By April 1, 1976 it became known as national root crops research institute by the Agricultural research institutes decree of 1973. In line with its national and zonal mandate, the institute has the responsibility of conducting research into: Genetic improvement of root & tuber crops of economic importance in Nigeria Agronomy of root and tuber crop production including farming systems development for the southeast agro ecology Design and fabrication of simple agricultural farm tools and equipment Storage, processing, utilization of root & tuber crop production. NRCRI has taken giant strides with commendable results. These have earned the institute one of the best research institutes in Nigeria having contributed immensely to the economic development. The research findings of the institute have made Nigeria to become the world’s leading producer of cassava and yam with annual production of 33.1 and 19 million metric tons. The track record has also placed the institute in the top position for two years consecutively in the annual world food day. ACHIEVEMENTS: Effective control of major pests and diseases in cassava, yam, irish potato & sweet potato Development of sweet potato starch & media for biological uses Development of true potato seed for irish potato production Development of cassava, yam, sweet potato & cocoyam flour for baking, odorless fufu, cocoyam chips as snacks. Development of low cyanide cassava varieties for the savanna agro ecological zones CHAPTER 3 JOBS DONE/EXPERIENCE GAINED INTRODUCTION TO THE WORKSHOP: On arrival to the workshop, the first thing I was introduced to was the safety rules of the workshop which included the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) at all times. After this, I was given a full orientation to the workshop staff and tools. MODIFICATION OF A GINGER CUTTING & WASHING MACHINE: When I arrived at the workshop, the ongoing project was the modification of a ginger cutting machine and a ginger washing machine. A ginger washing machine is a machine used for washing freshly harvested ginger from dirt while a ginger cutting machine is a device used for cutting freshly harvested matured ginger into two equal parts. For this the following jobs were needed. USE OF HAND CUTTING/HAND GRINDING: The hand grinding machine which is also called an angle grinder is one of the very useful tools in the workshop. It is used for cutting, grinding and polishing. They can be powered by an electric motor, petrol engine or compressed air. In the workshop, the angle grinder was powered by an electric motor. The motor drives the geared head at a right angle on which is mounted an abrasive disk (used for grinding) or a thinner cut-off disc (used for cutting). It was used for cutting into metal sheets to a specified measurement, removing excess material and smoothing rough edges off the material. PRECAUTIONS: -In the workshop, we were required to replace worn discs because the continuous use of already worn discs could cause parts or the whole disc to fly out thereby causing serious damage to body or machine. -The cutting disc should never be used in place of the grinding disc and vice versa -Never stay in an enclosed place and always use the right posture when cutting/grinding. A HAND CUTTING/GRINDING MACHINE USE OF THE HAND DRILLING MACHINE: A drill is a tool fitted with a cutting tool attachment or driving tool attachment usually a drill bit or driver bit which is used for drilling holes in various materials. The drill bit is gripped by a chuck at one end and rotated while pressed against the material. A centre punch is usually used to indicate the spot where the drill is about to perforate so as to prevent the drill bit from slipping of the mark. PRECAUTIONS -Apply just the right amount of pressure to the drill during use as too much can end up breaking the drill bit and too little would not do anything. USE OF JOINING PROCESSES: During the work on the ginger cutting and ginger washing machine, metals also needed to be joined together. We used processes such as welding, riveting and also bolts & nuts. PRECAUTIONS -When welding, make sure the eyes are protected by a facemask -When riveting ensure staying on a flat surface. MEASUREMENT & MARKING: Before any work is carried out, it has to be put into measurements so as to avoid waste. Some of the instruments used were the vernier calipers, steel rule, measuring tape. THE USE OF THE RADIAL DRILLING MACHINE: A radial drilling machine is a large gear headed drill press in which the head moves along the arm that radiates from the column of the machine. The arm of the machine can swing in relation to the base of the machine. This swing operation helps the drill head to move out of the way so a large crane can place the heavy work piece on the base of the radial drilling machine. This also helps in drilling holes at different locations of the workpiece without actually moving the workpiece. Common features of the radial drilling machine are the power feed of the spindle and the coolant system. We also discussed problems when looking for solutions and also acquainted ourselves with the relationship between pulleys and the speed of a crankshaft. At the end of all these, the ginger cutting machine and ginger washing machine were tested and modified where necessary with good results. CHAPTER 4 RELATION OF EXPERIENCE TO FIELD OF STUDY The relevance of my experience to my field of study is the fact that most of the problems and tools encountered in the workshop were those which have been solved theoretically in class and hence a better understanding of the course was achieved. The relevance of this industrial training to Mechanical Engineering is the fact that it helps students to be more compatible with what they have been taught. Mechanical Engineering is more understood when combined with practice. The Industrial training helps to achieve this part. It makes the students not only knowledgeable but also quick with their hands and minds. This, at the end of all these, will result in better trained members of the mechanical engineering society. Mechanical Engineering, in fact, is a practical course. Considering the situation of our country with respect to education, I would say that without SIWES, graduates of mechanical engineering would really be lacking when it comes to practicing the course in the real world. CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION All in all, the experience was a very wonderful one. I developed a good working relationship with the staff and my supervisor as I had learned from my 200 level industrial training and I also had a wonderful time putting what is learned in the classrooms into practice. Safety is a very important issue in any environment but it can never be over emphasized in a workshop.

Gay-Lussacs Law Definition (Chemistry)

Gay-Lussac's Law Definition (Chemistry) Gay-Lussacs law is an ideal gas law which states that at constant volume, the pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature  (in Kelvin). The formula for the law may be stated as: Pwhere PGay-Lussacs law is also known as the pressure law. French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac formulated it around 1808. Other ways of writing Gay-Lussacs law make it easy to solve for the pressure or temperature of a gas: PPTWhat Gay-Lussac's Law Means The importance of this gas law is that it shows that increasing the temperature of a gas causes its pressure to rise proportionally (assuming the volume doesnt change). Similarly, decreasing the temperature causes the pressure to fall proportionally. Gay If 10.0 L of oxygen exerts 97.0 kPa at 25 degrees Celsius, what temperature (in Celsius) is needed to change its pressure to standard pressure? To solve this, you first need to know (or look up) standard pressure. Its 101.325 kPa. Next, remember that gas laws apply to absolute temperature, which means Celsius (or Fahrenheit) must be converted to Kelvin. The formula to convert Celsius to Kelvin is: K degrees Celsius 273.15 K 25.0 273.15 K 298.15 Now you can plug the values into the formula to solve for the temperature: TTTAll thats left is to convert the temperature back to Celsius: C K - 273.15 C 311.44 - 273.15 C 38.29 degrees Celsius Using the correct number of significant figures, the temperature is 38.3 degrees Celsius. Gay-Lussac's Other Gas Laws Many scholars consider Gay-Lussac to be the first to formulate Amontons law of pressure-temperature. Amontons law states that the pressure of a certain mass and volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. In other words, if the temperature of a gas increases, so does the gass pressure, providing its mass and volume remain constant. Gay-Lussac is also credited for other gas laws, which are sometimes called Gay-Lussacs law.  For instance, Gay-Lussac stated that all gases have the same mean thermal expansivity at constant pressure and temperature. Basically, this law states that many gases behave predictably when heated. Gay-Lussac is sometimes credited as being the first to state Daltons law, which says that the total pressure of a gas is the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases.

Ready, Set, Write!

Ready, Set, Write! Ready, Set, Write! Ready, Set, Write! By Erin One of the biggest problems people have with writing is getting started. A blank page (or computer screen) can be intimidating, but prewriting is a great way to overcome that intimidation. Here are some prewriting activities to help get the words flowing out of your brain and onto the page: Listing: Listing is one of the easiest things you can do to get the ideas moving. Assuming that you have a topic, just write down the topic and jot down any ideas that come to mind. Dont judge or censor ideas; just write them down. You can censor later! If you have a large or broad topic, listing can be a good way to break it down into categories or narrow the topic if necessary. Mapping: For the visually-minded, a concept map or web can be a great way to organize a jumble of ideas into something that makes sense. A concept map helps show relationships between ideas. Freewriting: Freewriting is one of my favorite ways to get the creative juices flowing. Give yourself a topic and a time limit (5 or 10 minutes usually works) and just write whatever comes into your head. Dont pay any attention to spelling or grammarjust write. When youre done, go back and pull out whatever ideas seem most useful. Freewriting is also a great way to get yourself unstuck when youve already begun but dont know where to go next. Prewriting works no matter what kind of writing youre doing. Just grab a piece of paper and a pen and go! Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the Future30 Baseball IdiomsThrew and Through

The influence of senior management involvement on the effectiveness of Essay - 1

The influence of senior management involvement on the effectiveness of management training in selected Saudi Arabia (KSA) SMEs - Essay Example rpose of this study the effectiveness of the transfer of training within organization is defined by factors such as consensus between training participants and their senior management, better communication, team work, high spirit, move involvement of their work and faster decision making and problem solving. These factors are used as indicators of the effectiveness of the transfer of learning, because they are the ultimate aims of the management. It is important to note however that this research is based on the effectiveness of training in the workplace and effectiveness is not measured with a cost effective approach. Factors given above are used to define the effectiveness of training. From a cost effectiveness point of view, a counter argument will arise: will the senior management attending training program lead to reduced efficiency and effectiveness in their job, as they have less time to devote to their other roles. Some may suggest analyzing the cost-and-benefit of the action taken by the senior management. However this research is to study the effectiveness of training programs with or without the senior management participation. The reasons for the researcher to leave out cost-and-benefit factor are: firstly, the aim of the research is to study the human behavior after attending training; secondly, the researcher presumes the cost incurred by the whole group members of an organization is probably larger than the cost incurred by the senior management. Further complementary research could be conducted into a full cost-benefit analysis. This research concerns the relationship between the senior management and the transfer of management training effectiveness to the workplace of selected small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Saudi Arabia (KSA). In this country, â€Å"SMEs† mean manufacturing companies provide manufacturing related services with annual sales revenue not greater than Saudi Arabian Riyal (SAR) 25 million and with full-time employees

Is Global Warming due to Human Actions Research Paper

Is Global Warming due to Human Actions - Research Paper Example Thesis Statement Global warming has already spread across the world and damaging the earth and its people. Until and unless the people of the earth realize the result of the global warming and take corrective measures it would keep damaging the earth and a day would come when the earth would be full of carbon dioxide and it would be almost impossible to remain alive (ThinkQuest, n.d.). Discussion Change is a process which is always tough to adapt or accept, and when there are changes in the environment and in the nature, it is one of the biggest challenges to face. Changes in nature and environment alter the system of the living style, the weather, the habits, and the temperature. The term ‘global warming’ has become a threat to the world. The problem is more intense even than that of terrorism. Terrorism might affect a certain part of the world, but global warming is having its toll throughout the whole world. Global warming is causing change in the climate, in the natu re and society among others. The balance of the ecology and the environment is very much necessary, but the people of the earth are damaging the environment for their personal interests. The relationship between the nature and human being is based on the ‘Give and Take’ policy. If people are taking resources from the nature they are supposed to give it back to the nature as well. In other words, human beings are causing trouble for themselves by deforestation, by releasing fuel, and by releasing smoke among others. Global warming can be an effect of emission of gasses, but the main causes of global warming is the negligence of the human beings and lack of responsibility towards the society (Hansen, 2006). The Causes of Global Warming One of the major reasons to cause global warming is the ever increasing pollution. All over the world, there are about ‘164.0 motor vehicles per 100 people’ running on the streets (Nation Master, 2011), resulting in a high rate of carbon dioxide in the air. The other reason to cause global warming includes burning the fossil fuel, which also causes emission of large amount of greenhouse gas. Overpopulation of the world is the other cause of global warming. The modern world is focusing very much into the housing and property sector, which is resulting in deforestation. Cutting the trees causes more Carbon Di-Oxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. Not only air pollution but the water and the land pollution are also reasons behind the global warming. Almost every river and cannel is getting polluted due to the continuous emission of the waste from the factories. The villagers use the water for washing cloths and utensils, and they dump all their garbage in the water. These can be certain other reasons to cause global warming (Houghton, 2004). The Effects of Global Warming Global Warming affects the world in many ways, but the major effect of the global warming is the change in the climate. The other effects of globa l warming are, damage in the ozone layer, which is allowing more sun rays and the ultra violate rays to enter the world, which is harmful for the people. It is also resulting in higher water level of the sea, which can cause tsunami anytime. The global warming causes a change in the climate of the environment, which can be noticed by extreme cold or extreme hot weather. The